What happens where
IP & EDA+
Design software and licensed circuit blocks that every chip designer relies on. A small number of suppliers serve the whole industry.
Materials+
Silicon wafers, chemicals, gases and substrates. Highly specialised, and often sourced from a few suppliers in a few countries.
Equipment & lithography+
The tools that build chips, from lithography to deposition, etching and inspection. No fab runs without them.
Research & technology access+
Universities, research institutes and pilot lines, where new processes and technologies are developed and proven before industry adopts them.
Software & engineering+
Embedded software, design services and engineering partners that turn a chip into a working solution for the customer.
Networks & market access+
Distributors, clusters, alliances and application partners that connect technology with customers in each region.
01 Chip design+
Engineers define the architecture and design the circuits. Many chip companies are fabless: they design, and partners manufacture.
02 Wafer fabrication+
Circuits are built layer by layer on silicon wafers, through hundreds of process steps. The most capital-intensive step in the chain.
03 Packaging & test+
Wafers are cut into individual chips, packaged and tested. Advanced packaging now shapes the performance of AI and high-performance chips.
04 Board & module assembly & test+
Chips are mounted with other components on boards, often by EMS partners, to form modules for power, sensing, processing and connectivity.
05 System integration+
Boards and modules become complete products: a vehicle control unit, a medical scanner, a server. Here the requirements are set that flow back to chip design.
06 End markets+
Automotive, industrial, data centres and AI, consumer and mobile, medical and more. Demand here decides what the whole chain builds next.
PCBs & other components+
Printed circuit boards, passive components and connectors that sit alongside the chips on every board.
Capital & funding+
Venture capital, corporate investment and public funding programmes that finance fabs, startups and research.
Policy & institutions+
Ministries, agencies and alliances that set strategy, incentives, export rules and programmes such as the Chips Acts.
Talent & skills+
Engineers, technicians and operators at every step. Often the scarcest resource when new sites are built.
Infrastructure & logistics+
Power, water, cleanrooms, transport and secure supply routes that every site depends on.
Quality & qualification+
Standards, certification and customer qualification, especially in automotive and medical, which decide how fast a product reaches the market.